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The Death of Julius Caesar (1806) by Vincenzo Camuccini

The Ides of March (/aɪdz/; Latin: Idus Martiae, Late Latin: Idus Martii)[1] is the 74th day in the Roman calendar, corresponding to 15 March. It was marked by several religious observances and was notable for the Romans as a deadline for settling debts.[2] In 44 BC, it became notorious as the date of the assassination of Julius Caesar which made the Ides of March a turning point in Roman history.

Ides[edit]

The Romans did not number each day of a month from the first to the last day. Instead, they counted back from three fixed points of the month: the Nones (the 5th or 7th, nine days inclusive before the Ides), the Ides (the 13th for most months, but the 15th in March, May, July, and October), and the Kalends (1st of the following month). Originally the Ides were supposed to be determined by the full moon, reflecting the lunar origin of the Roman calendar. In the earliest calendar, the Ides of March would have been the first full moon of the new year.[3]

Religious observances[edit]

Haruspex Cybersecurity 115 followers on LinkedIn. Predicting and Neutralizing Cyber Attacks. Haruspex s.r.l. Is an innovative startup that derives from more than 5 years of research in. In the religion of ancient Rome, a haruspex (plural haruspices; also called aruspex) was a person trained to practice a form of divination called haruspicy (haruspicina), the inspection of the entrails (exta—hence also extispicy (extispicium)) of sacrificed animals, especially the livers of sacrificed sheep and poultry. Tor is an encrypted anonymising network that makes it harder to intercept internet communications, or see where communications are coming from or going to. In order to use the WikiLeaks public submission system as detailed above you can download the Tor Browser Bundle, which is a Firefox-like browser available for Windows, Mac OS X and GNU/Linux and pre-configured to connect using the.

Panel thought to depict the Mamuralia, from a mosaic of the months in which March is positioned at the beginning of the year (first half of the 3rd century AD, from El Djem, Tunisia, in Roman Africa)

The Ides of each month were sacred to Jupiter, the Romans' supreme deity. The Flamen Dialis, Jupiter's high priest, led the 'Ides sheep' (ovis Idulis) in procession along the Via Sacra to the arx, where it was sacrificed.[4]

In addition to the monthly sacrifice, the Ides of March was also the occasion of the Feast of Anna Perenna, a goddess of the year (Latin annus) whose festival originally concluded the ceremonies of the new year. The day was enthusiastically celebrated among the common people with picnics, drinking, and revelry.[5] One source from late antiquity also places the Mamuralia on the Ides of March.[6] This observance, which has aspects of scapegoat or ancient Greek pharmakos ritual, involved beating an old man dressed in animal skins and perhaps driving him from the city. The ritual may have been a new year festival representing the expulsion of the old year.[7][8]

In the later Imperial period, the Ides began a 'holy week' of festivals celebrating Cybele and Attis,[9][10][11] being the day Canna intrat ('The Reed enters'), when Attis was born and found among the reeds of a Phrygian river.[12] He was discovered by shepherds or the goddess Cybele, who was also known as the Magna Mater ('Great Mother') (narratives differ).[13] A week later, on 22 March, the solemn commemoration of Arbor intrat ('The Tree enters') commemorated the death of Attis under a pine tree. A college of priests, the dendrophoroi ('tree bearers') annually cut down a tree,[14] hung from it an image of Attis,[15] and carried it to the temple of the Magna Mater with lamentations. The day was formalized as part of the official Roman calendar under Claudius (d. 54 AD).[16] A three-day period of mourning followed,[17] culminating with celebrating the rebirth of Attis on 25 March, the date of the vernal equinox on the Julian calendar.[18]

Assassination of Caesar[edit]

Reverse side of a coin issued by Caesar's assassin Brutus in the autumn of 42 BC, with the abbreviation EID MAR (Eidibus Martiis – on the Ides of March) under a 'cap of freedom' between two daggers

In modern times, the Ides of March is best known as the date on which Julius Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC. Caesar was stabbed to death at a meeting of the Senate. As many as 60 conspirators, led by Brutus and Cassius, were involved. According to Plutarch,[19] a seer had warned that harm would come to Caesar no later than the Ides of March. On his way to the Theatre of Pompey, where he would be assassinated, Caesar passed the seer and joked, 'The Ides of March are come', implying that the prophecy had not been fulfilled, to which the seer replied 'Aye, Caesar; but not gone.'[19] This meeting is famously dramatised in William Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar, when Caesar is warned by the soothsayer to 'beware the Ides of March.'[20][21] The Roman biographer Suetonius[22] identifies the 'seer' as a haruspex named Spurinna.

Caesar's death was a closing event in the crisis of the Roman Republic, and triggered the civil war that would result in the rise to sole power of his adopted heir Octavian (later known as Augustus).[23]Writing under Augustus, Ovid portrays the murder as a sacrilege, since Caesar was also the Pontifex Maximus of Rome and a priest of Vesta.[24] On the fourth anniversary of Caesar's death in 40 BC, after achieving a victory at the siege of Perugia, Octavian executed 300 senators and equites who had fought against him under Lucius Antonius, the brother of Mark Antony.[25] The executions were one of a series of actions taken by Octavian to avenge Caesar's death. Suetonius and the historian Cassius Dio characterised the slaughter as a religious sacrifice,[26][27] noting that it occurred on the Ides of March at the new altar to the deified Julius.

See also[edit]

  • Julius Caesar, a play by William Shakespeare
  • The Ides of March, a novel by Thornton Wilder
  • The Ides of March, a film by George Clooney, Beau Willimon and Grant Heslov
  • The Ides of March (music album)/ 'The Ides of March' music album by Myles Kennedy

References[edit]

  1. ^Anscombe, Alfred (1908). The Anglo-Saxon Computation of Historic Time in the Ninth Century(PDF). British Numismatic Society. p. 396.
  2. ^'Ides of March: What Is It? Why Do We Still Observe It?'. 15 March 2011.
  3. ^Scullard, H.H. (1981). Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic. Cornell University Press. pp. 42–43.
  4. ^Scullard, H.H. Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic. p. 43.
  5. ^Scullard, H.H. Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic. p. 90.
  6. ^Lydus, John (6th century). De mensibus 4.36. Other sources place it on 14 March.
  7. ^Salzman, Michele Renee (1990). On Roman Time: The Codex-Calendar of 354 and the Rhythms of Urban Life in Late Antiquity. University of California Press. pp. 124& 128–129.
  8. ^Fowler, William Warde (1908). The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic. London. pp. 44–50.
  9. ^Lancellotti, Maria Grazia (2002). Attis, Between Myth and History: King, Priest, and God. Brill. p. 81.
  10. ^Lançon, Bertrand (2001). Rome in Late Antiquity. Routledge. p. 91.
  11. ^Borgeaud, Philippe (2004). Mother of the Gods: From Cybele to the Virgin Mary & Hochroth, Lysa (Translator). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 51, 90, 123, 164.
  12. ^Gary Forsythe, Time in Roman Religion: One Thousand Years of Religious History (Routledge, 2012), p. 88; Lancellotti, Attis, Between Myth and History, p. 81.
  13. ^Michele Renee Salzman, On Roman Time: The Codex Calendar of 354 and the Rhythms of Urban Life in Late Antiquity (University of California Press, 1990), p. 166.
  14. ^Jaime Alvar, Romanising Oriental Gods: Myth, Salvation and Ethics in the Cults of Cybele, Isis and Mithras, translated by Richard Gordon (Brill, 2008), pp. 288–289.
  15. ^Firmicus Maternus, De errore profanarum religionum, 27.1; Rabun Taylor, 'Roman Oscilla: An Assessment', RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics 48 (Autumn 2005), p. 97.
  16. ^Lydus, De Mensibus 4.59; Suetonius, Otho 8.3; Forsythe, Time in Roman Religion, p. 88.
  17. ^Forsythe, Time in Roman Religion, p. 88.
  18. ^Macrobius, Saturnalia 1.21.10; Forsythe, Time in Roman Religion, p. 88; Salzman, On Roman Time, p. 168.
  19. ^ abPlutarch, Parallel Lives, Caesar 63
  20. ^'William Shakespeare, Julius Caesar, Act 1, Scene II'. The Literature Network. Jalic, Inc. 2010. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
  21. ^'William Shakespeare, Julius Caesar, Act 3, Scene I'. The Literature Network. Jalic, Inc. 2010. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
  22. ^Suetonius, Divus Julius 81.
  23. ^'Forum in Rome,' Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome, p. 215.
  24. ^Ovid, Fasti 3.697–710; A.M. Keith, entry on 'Ovid,' Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome, p. 128; Geraldine Herbert-Brown, Ovid and the Fasti: An Historical Study (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), p. 70.
  25. ^Melissa Barden Dowling, Clemency and Cruelty in the Roman World (University of Michigan Press, 2006), pp. 50–51; Arthur Keaveney, The Army in the Roman Revolution (Routledge, 2007), p. 15.
  26. ^Suetonius, Life of Augustus15.
  27. ^

External links[edit]

Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ides_of_March&oldid=1012660955'

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The CCP-EM software suite is a package containing tools for cryo-EM, including:

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The suite is described in more detail in this article:

Recent developments in the CCP-EM software suite (T. Burnley, C.M. Palmer and M.D. Winn, Acta Cryst. D73, 469 - 477, 2017).

The CCP-EM suite is free of charge for non-profit use under theCCP-EM academic software licence.For-profit users should please contact ccpemlicensing@stfc.ac.ukfor information on commercial licencing. Further details are available on the licensing page.

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Installation

  1. Download ccpem-<version>.tar.gz from the link above
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  4. ./install_ccpem.sh
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CCP-EM contains RELION v3.0 and OpenMPI. If you have existing copies of these programs on your computer, please take care when setting up your shell environment to ensure you use the intended version. Also note that no programs are included for CTF estimation. To run this task from the RELION GUI, please install CTFFIND4 or Gctf separately.

Running

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There are some known problems running CCP-EM on certain operating systems. Please seethis page for details and possible solutions.

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Pre-requisites

CCP4

CCP-EM uses programs from CCP4 for a number of tasks. To use those tasks, please install CCP4 fromhttp://www.ccp4.ac.uk/download/ and activate itbefore running CCP-EM.

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Modeller

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Linux:After running ./install_ccpem.sh you will be prompted to run ./install_modeller.sh. Please run this and enter the license key when prompted.

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