Before I describe my experiences with the Mac OS, I would first like to discuss the history of the Mac operating system and why it is important.The Mac OS is older than Microsoft Windows, and it’s seen considerably more releases than its counterpart. The first version, then simply called System 1.0, appeared in 1984. The first edition of Windows was released in 1985, over a year-and-a-half later.

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The original Mac OS is seen by many as the first graphical user interface that breached the mass market. This is partially true, but it certainly was not the first ever publicly available Graphical User Interface (GUI).

The Lisa Office System

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From a purely Apple perspective, the Mac OS has its roots in an earlier Apple computer, the Lisa. The Lisa was a revolutionary computer that was the one of the first to sport a GUI as its connection to the end user. It was released in 1983, one year before the first Mac, and despite its groundbreaking design, it was overpriced (it cost £10,000 in 1983!) – and doomed to failure because of it.

The Lisa Office System was the name of its GUI, and the future Mac System 1.0 would take many of its interface design concepts from the Lisa. So although the Mac took the GUI idea and made it popular, the Lisa was the trailblazer that made it possible.

Xerox PARC

But the concept of a GUI was not created at Apple’s R&D labs; it was invented by Xerox in the 1970s at their Palo Alto Research Center (PARC). Xerox founded PARC to serve as a base for new ideas that could in turn be marketed and sold as consumer products.

The biggest thing to come out of PARC, shortly after its founding, was a new computer designed by the PARC engineers that completely rewrote the book of what a computer should be and how it should operate. This computer was the Xerox Alto – and a world shattering piece of hardware it was. It was the first computer to use a bit-mapped display to show graphics – and to use a mouse to operate its GUI. It established the desktop metaphor we now take for granted in computing, as well various other technologies such as ethernet (another PARC innovation).

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The PARC team never intended for this revolutionary machine to be mass marketed, and therefore its use was restricted to university labs and similar institutions. Bear in mind that was all done in 1973, long before the term “personal computer” was widely known (the first three preassembled personal computers – the Apple II, Commodore PET, and Tandy/Radio Shack TRS-80 – came to market in 1977).

The Xerox Star desktop

It took a 1979 visit from Steve Jobs of the fledgling Apple (then five years old) for anyone to realize the potential in the GUI as a mass market device, and subsequently the Lisa was created.

In 1981, Xerox released their own home computer, the Star, which was based upon the research of the PARC team. This was the very first home computer with all the features that we know associate with the PC and Mac, but ineptitude on the part of Xerox to market it properly (as well as a hefty £10,000 price tag) doomed it to obscurity.

The Macintosh

All of this led to the birth of the Macintosh, the first successful computer to incorporate the mouse and the GUI, with its series of office metaphors, to make it easy to use. It may not have been the first computer to use these concepts, but it was the first to introduce them to “the rest of us”.

Because of this, the original 1984 Macintosh was revolutionary. It’s difficult to imagine in this day and age, but just think in 1984, trying to show someone with no knowledge of computers, how to use a peculiar device called the mouse. That was the very task that the Mac excelled at performing.

The Mac system software itself has a long and tumultuous history that I won’t describe in detail here. Suffice to say that since its first release in 1984, it has changed considerably and gone through many guises to get where it is now.

What is now called the Classic Mac OS began in 1984 and ended with the release of Mac OS 9.2.2 in 2001. Through its career, the Classic Mac OS took everything from the previous version and added new features and modern technology to it. The end result was a chaotic mix of old and new technology that, despite it’s somewhat convoluted development, came to be a reliable and stable operating environment still used today.

Mac System 1.0 (1984) and Mac OS 9 (2004)

Mac OS X

The modern incarnation of the Mac OS began in 2001 with OS X 10.0 Cheetah. It was born out of the necessity to bring the Mac into the 21^st century with a completely new and modern operating system built from scratch. It shares no code with the Classic Mac OS and bears no lineage with it, save for the name. For all intents and purposes, it’s a completely different piece of software.

Mac OS X has its own history that begins in the form of another OS called NeXTstep from a company called NeXT Computer, which was founded by none other Apple’s own co-founder Steve Jobs.

Steve Jobs left Apple in 1985 for reasons that could fill a novel, and when he did he founded a new company, named it NeXT Computer, and set about creating a new series of computers that would outdo the Macintosh for all its innovations.

When these new computers finally appeared (the first one in 1988), they contained an advanced operating system called NeXTstep that had many new ideas. These included true multitasking, a 3D appearance for buttons and icons, system-wide drag and drop, and properties dialog boxes, as well other innovations “under the hood”.

The NeXT computers themselves were highly advanced but not very successful (a common theme of new GUI technology), and NeXT subsequently was purchased by Apple in 1996. At this time Apple, who were struggling to update their own aging Mac OS, wanted to buy new technology with which to compete with Microsoft. Their search led them to NeXT, which had this technology, and the deal was done. This brought Steve Jobs back to Apple, and immediately thereafter the R&D labs set about dissecting NeXTstep and incorporating its ideas and concepts into a new highly advanced Mac OS. This became Mac OS X.

Trevor Wale originally wrote this as part of a project at school. We’ve adapted it for use on Low End Mac and broken it down into a series of articles encompassing his years with Windows and his switch to the Macintosh. dk

Next: My Experiences with Mac OS X

Keywords: #nextstep #macos #classicmacos

Short link: https://goo.gl/V5YSS5

Today’s hint is for those of you who, like me, use Terminal often and occasionally have a need to do things there as the root user. If you don’t know what Terminal is, don’t know what the root user is, or haven’t ever heard of the sudo command, this hint probably isn’t for you.

In Terminal, you enter root mode with the sudo command; in particular, if you’ve got a lot to do as root, it’s easiest to open a root shell with sudo -s. You then stay in root mode until you type exit, whereupon you revert to your “normal” admin-level powers.

There’s just one problem with this, though—the default root command prompt isn’t nearly scary enough to remind you of the power you’re wielding while in this mode.

When running in root mode, the default prompt of bash-3.2# looks too much like the standard prompt for my tastes—I want something that really reminds me of what I’m doing, to hopefully prevent me from doing something really stupid while operating as root.

If you’d like to change your root prompt, assuming you’re using the default bash shell, here’s how to do it. Using nano or vi or BBEdit or whatever your favorite pure text editor may be, edit the file named .profile in your user’s home directory.

(If this file doesn’t exist, create it. There’s also a slim chance you may have a file named .bash_profile instead; if you do, edit that file and not .profile.)

To set the root prompt, you need to set a variable named SUDO_PS1 in this file. If you’d like to mimic your normal shell prompt—showing your machine name, current directory, and username, you would add this command to the .profile file:

Prompt strings are very strange-looking foreign creatures, and so the above probably doesn’t make a lot of sense. In a nutshell, h, w, and u display the machine (host) name, the current directory, and the user name. When using sudo -s, the user name will display as root#, versus the usual robg$ when logged in as a normal user.

Save the file, quit the editor, and open a new Terminal window to see your changes take effect (after running sudo -s, of course).

While the above is a good start, it still doesn’t stand out enough for me.

So I modified the above to make the differences plainly visible, as you can see in the image at right.

To create my prompt, I used this entry in my .profile file:

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Tennis4two - The Roots Mac Os Catalina

(Note to true Unix experts: I’m not positive my prompt is perfect; perhaps it could be simplified. However, it works for me, and has done so for many years.) There’s a whole lot going on there, and to explain it all in detail would take well more words and space than I have available here. However, the basic breakdown is as follows:

• [ – what follows are non-printing characters, so they aren’t counted for line-wrap purposes
• e[ – the start of an escape sequence, to set the colors
• 33;1;41m – the actual color string, to create bold yellow text on a red background
• ] – the end of the non-printing characters
• [u] w $ – the user name in brackets, followed by the directory and the # symbol
• [e[0m] – another non-printing sequence; this one sets the colors back to the defaults, so only the prompt is yellow-on-red

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You can learn a bit more about prompts by reading the bash manual (type man bash in Terminal). Search (by typing a forward slash, /) for When executing interactively to jump directly to the section on prompting. Even that, though, won’t help explain most of the above. For that, you’ll need some help from Google. In particular, I like this tutorial for its good overview, and this one for its coverage of color usage.

If this hint inspires you to change your default non-sudo prompt, you can do that, too. Add another line to the .profile file which begins export PS1='..., and then build the prompt string as you wish.

If you mess something up and wind up with an unreadable prompt (What? No, that’s never happened to me!), just remove the line from the .profile file, save your changes, and open a new Terminal window. I will caution you, though, that playing with prompt strings can be an amazingly time-consuming diversion…“just one more little change!”